Accessible Popular Science books about Cosmology and Physics…

In 2002 I graduated from the Open University with an excellent (2:1 Honours) Open Science degree, at a time when their fees were much lower. This enabled me to boot-strap my education as an adult, after a pretty lacklustre grammar school experience.

Working from the basement level up, using the OU’s distance-learning materials, I essentially taught myself the foundations of degree-level maths to support my real interests in Astronomy, Physics and Cosmology, and other Planetary Sciences including Geology, Geochemistry and Oceanography. Learning in this way gave me a solid platform for understanding how the physical world works, and left me with a lifelong drive for continual learning.

Decades later, I’m still exploring those physical science themes through personal study and casual reading. There is a reasonable market for so-called ‘popular science’ books which bring to life the concepts from their disciplines without needing a post-doc education. I’ve found many of these very helpful for building my interest and background knowledge, often inspiring me to take my learning further with deeper study. I found the following popular science books both helpful and enjoyable enough to retain them on my shelves… I hope you enjoy them as well!


Physics
Fundamentals – Frank Wilczek
The Order of Time – Carlo Rovelli
Reality Is Not What It Seems – Carlo Rovelli
Black Holes – Professors Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw
QED – Richard P. Feynman
Surely You’re Joking Mr Feynman – Richard P. Feynman
Genius, Richard Feynman and modern physics – James Gleick
Through Two Doors At Once – Anil Ananthaswamy
In Search of Schrödinger’s Cat – John Gribbin
The Biggest Ideas in the Universe #1, Space, Time and Motion – Sean Carroll
Dreams of a Final Theory – Steven Weinberg
Why Does E=MC2 (and Why Should We Care?) – Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw
Black Holes – Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw

Cosmology
Our Mathematical Universe – Max Tegmark
Endless Universe, Beyond The Big Bang – Paul J. Steinhardt and Neil Turok
The Inflationary Universe – Alan H. Guth
A Brief History of Time – Stephen Hawking
The Universe in a Nutshell – Stephen Hawking
Before The Big Bang, Our Origins in the Multiverse – Laura Mersini-Houghton
The First Three Minutes – Steven Weinberg
After the First Three Minutes: The Story of Our Universe – T. Padmanabhan
Just Six Numbers – Martin Rees
Something Deeply Hidden – Sean Carroll
The Big Picture – Sean Carroll
The Hidden Reality – Brian Greene
The Fabric of the Cosmos – Brian Greene

Astronomy
First Light, Switching on Stars at the Dawn of Time – Emma Chapman
Water and the Search for Life on Mars – David M. Harland
Jupiter Odyssey: The Story of NASA’s Galileo Mission – David M. Harland
Beyond Pluto: Exploring the Outer Limits of the Solar System – John Davies
Titan Unveiled: Saturn’s Mysterious Moon Explored – Ralph Lorenz and Jacqueline Mitton
The Great Comet Crash: The Collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and Jupiter – John R. Spencer and Jacqueline Mitton (eds)
Satellites of the Outer Planets: Worlds in Their Own Right – David A. Rothery
The Worlds of Galileo: The Inside Story of NASA’S Mission to Jupiter – Michael Hanlon

Like most of us, I have a big ‘to be read’ pile! I became fascinated with Leonard Susskind’s lectures a couple of years ago, so my next indulgences will be:

Classical Mechanics – Leonard Susskind and George Hrabovsky
Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory – Leonard Susskind and Art Friedman
Quantum Mechanics – Leonard Susskind and Art Friedman
General Relativity – Leonard Susskind and André Cabannes

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Image credits:
Alan Guth by Betsy Devine aka Betsythedevine – Uploader’s Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6181859

Brian Greene by Steve Jurvetson – https://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/6971396150/, CC BY 2.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46203070

Carlo Rovelli by Fronteiras do Pensamento – Carlo Rovelli no Fronteiras do Pensamento São Paulo 2017, CC BY-SA 2.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62518717

Frank Wilczek by Justin Knight Photography

Leonard Susskind by Acmedogs – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29623199

Neil Turok by AIMS – Next Einstein Initiative African Institute for Mathematical Sciences – Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22121574

Richard Feynman by The Nobel Foundation – http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/feynman-bio.html, PD-Sweden,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34664654

Sean Carroll by Sgerbic – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55134467

Stephen Hawking by NASA – Original. Source (StarChild Learning Center). Archived directory listing at the Wayback Machine., Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1657641

Steven Weinberg by Larry D. Moore, CC BY 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11861018

Solar observations – summer ’24…

I’ve been indulging my love for Astronomy with a little 70mm / f5.7 refractor that I picked up at the start of the year. This summer was great for observing the Sun via eyepiece projection (don’t try that at home unless you know what you’re doing… I melted the inside of a 10mm eyepiece while I was getting used to this method!), and it has been fascinating watching sunspots evolving over time.

Here’s a couple of my pictures:
* The first one is over-exposed and shows the phenomenon of “limb darkening” – the edge of the sun looks darker than the middle because we’re looking through less of the solar atmosphere.

* The second is an example of the sunspots that have been visible this year. In the larger box on the RHS with 2 sunspots, the darkest area (umbra) is where the magnetic field lines are nearly vertical and we’re seeing deeper into the Sun’s atmosphere than the greyer around surrounding it (penumbra) where the field lines are more inclined.

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I’m finally retiring from corporate life and becoming a ‘real person’…

My working life in the corporate world is finally coming to an end – woo hoo!

I officially retire on 31st December but will be on garden leave soon – magic! I’m really looking forward to my “real life” to come as a proper person, not an employee… including reconnecting with friends, writers and all the new people I’ve now got time and energy to connect with.

It’s been 39.2 years coming, but my wife’s t-shirt gift for me says it all!

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Former Royal Observer Corps (ROC) Observation Post (bunker) at RAF Manston…

Decades ago I saw two men climbing out of a hole in the ground just outside the perimeter of the former RAF Manston. I had always wondered what they were doing there, and last February I took a walk along the now abandoned road in that area to investigate.

I found a derelict ROC Observation Post in a very poor state of repair. The hatch was missing and the entrance shaft was missing its ladder. Even so, the main external features of this bunker were visible: the entrance hatchway, ground zero indicator mount, air vent, bomb power indicator baffle plate. For the ROC personnel manning these bunkers, conditions underground would have been quite cramped but I did not try to take a look here. There are good schematics of ROC posts available online, and the following two web pages give a reasonable overview:

Forewarned is Forearmed: Inside the hidden world of the Royal Observer Corps
Royal Observer Corps monitoring post

Here are photos from my visit on 26/2/2023:

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A mathematical model of the launch of Apollo 11 to Earth-parking-orbit…

I’ve always been interested in the technology of spaceflight, and particularly the 1960s solutions to the problem using the Saturn-V launcher. I think it is the complexity of the machine, combined with its extraordinary thrust and the drama of being the first to take humans to the Moon that is so captivating.

I was not excited by maths at school and have since worked hard to grow my mathematical abilities… its become a life-long project since my twenties to see how much I can learn as an adult. It had always annoyed me that my mathematical prowess is less than many people could achieve in the ’60s… spaceflight, general relativity, quantum mechanics… all things to be understood and conquered!

I’m really pleased to have grown my ability to mathematically understand spaceflight by constructing my own mathematical model of how Apollo 11 moved from the launch-pad to Earth-parking orbit (EPO). Using three separate stages (the S-IC first stage, S-II second stage, and S-IVB third stage) with a combined and fuelled mass of c2,938,315 kg, my calculations show that Apollo 11 used 2,894,920 kg of burnt fuel and discarded stages to reach EPO. Just 1.5% of the launched mass was subsequently needed to reach, land and return from the Moon (43, 395 kg).

In my mathematical model, Apollo 11 reaches EPO at 203 km altitude, moving at a speed of 7,791 m/s. The actual spacecraft had an EPO at 191 km, moving at 7,383 m/s. Given that my model treats the vehicle as a point mass and computes changes at 1 second intervals, I’m proud that the error in my calculations equates to less than 1.7 s of flight for the real vehicle. This pdf document summarises key results from the model.

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A Visit to East Midlands AeroPark – 19/5/24…

At the start of a short holiday break, I enjoyed a visit to the “East Midlands AeroPark” at Castle Donington, located right next to East Midlands Airport. They have a small but good collection of (often later-mark) Cold War era jets, mostly in reasonably good condition despite being kept outdoors.

I had not previously seen many examples of the DH Vampire, so the 2 T11 variants on display were interesting to see (XD447 and XD534). A curator explained to me that the yellow-painted aerials on the wings were part of a navigation system, based on timing differences of signals being received across the airframe. At other displays, I also had not previously noticed the large number of aerials mounted on the Nimrod’s upper fuselage. They were probably more noticeable here because a raised mound surrounding the displays gives you an elevated viewpoint.

The tandem-seat Hunter trainer, XL569, was interesting to see and in good condition, as was the FR10 mark XJ714. However, the GA11 variant WV382 was obviously in need of a coat of paint and not shown in its best light. Jaguar XZ369 was very-well displayed, with open avionics bays. Lightning ZF588 was also very-well displayed, and this was the first time that I had properly noticed just how large the Lightning airframe is.

For me though, the overall star of the show was Vulcan B2 XM575. The curator was on hand to talk about this airframe, explaining that the engines are still in place and all the electrics are working. Unfortunately the clutch plate for the bomb-bay doors was needing to be replaced, so they could not demonstrate that mechanism. That was more than compensated for by a view above and along the wing’s leading edge, showing that its shape is much more complex than the simple delta that you see from below. It was also interesting to see the Ram Air Turbine (“RAT”) deployed – this would have provided electric to the aircraft if all other systems had failed, ie a power source of last resort (“deploy and pray”, as the curator said).

Here are some photos from my visit – all copyright Lee Russell, 2024.

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“The Queen’s Joust” – Leeds Castle, Maidstone – 27/5/24…

I became interested in the technology behind medieval armour during Covid-19 lockdown (who didn’t pick up a new hobby?) and the opportunity to see reproduction armour in use during a joust was too good to miss. Over the May ’24 bank holiday weekend, Leeds Castle at Maidstone hosted 3 days of jousting, and I managed to get there for the final day.

It was great seeing the variety of armours in use, and the choices each “knight” was making about protection vs mobility and function. I’m not going to talk at length about that here, as the pictures will do a much better job – enjoy!

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… all photos by the author, (c) Lee Russell 2024.

“Extinction Event” by Bryant Benson – short story on 365 tomorrows

I’m an irregular reader of the short fiction on 365 tomorrows. Time is precious and life is short, so a story needs a really compelling theme to draw me in. It feels odd over the Christmas holidays to say that I ‘enjoyed’ this tale by Benson. In 8 paragraphs it steps us through the last 17 seconds of all human life on a planet which might be Earth. And yet… Benson tells his story through the eyes of someone falling in love in the last seconds of their life… both fatalistic and poignant, yet somehow redeemed by that last moment of love – recommended.

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Extinction Event

A visit to IWM Duxford…

Completing my tour of the “big ticket” UK aircraft museums, I visited the Imperial War Museum’s (IWM) display at Duxford this weekend. The site presents both flying aircraft and static exhibits (mostly in hangars). It has a strong sense of being focussed on WW2 aircraft, although there are some Cold War military and passenger jets on display.

It was interesting watching how the pilot got into mkI Hurricane P3717, and then lovely to see it flying!

Spitfire ML295 looked very clean and obviously well-maintained (for flying day experiences). Several of us watching one particular flight also noticed that its engine sounded rougher than expected, leading us to wonder if a different engine variant was used in the 2-seater versions:

Another interesting aircraft to see flying was the PBY-5A Catalina ‘Miss Pick Up’. I’d only seen a Catalina flying once before and this was a real treat:

Two WW2 B-17s were on display – one the famous ‘Memphis Belle’ outside, the other inside a hangar dedicated to the USAF. These were complimented elsewhere by Lancaster KB889, although that was displayed in a somewhat unflattering location that made it hard to appreciate:

From the Cold War era, I enjoyed getting close to the B52D bomber ‘0689’, which apparently flew 200 missions during the Vietnam War. It was impossible to appreciate the size and engineering that went into this aircraft due to it being crammed into a hangar full of so many other planes – it deserves a hangar of its own in order to be properly appreciated. Of special note, it was the closest I’ve come to seeing the anti-flash curtains that were used in these bombers:

In that same USAF display I also saw this deactivated Tomahawk GLCM launcher, which had apparently been stationed at RAF Greenham Common. It was a very strange feeling being this close to such a potentially devastating weapon. I do not believe that any nation should possess nuclear weapons and my reflections on visiting Greenham Common can be found in this article.

A Vulcan bomber (XJ824) and a TSR2 prototype are also on display, but in such a poor location that I did not enjoy looking at them.

I had not expected to see Victor XH648 and it was interesting seeing the air-air refueling pods fitted to its wings. The aircraft seems very well preserved. I don’t know a lot about the history of Victor tankers, and wondered whether operational aircraft flew in camouflage paint schemes carrying bright orange pods!

My visit finished with a look at a deactivated Polaris missile (a submarine-launched ICBM). I had not seen one of these before and was disappointed with the tiny bit of information displayed with it. However, this exhibit did give me a genuine laugh-out-loud moment when I noticed the ‘INERT’ markings on the casings – thanks for removing the warheads before putting it on display!

On the whole, my visit to IWM Duxford was enjoyable but I won’t visit again unless it is for a special ‘flying day’. Overall I found the exhibits to be too closely packed in the hangars, making it hard (or sometimes impossible) to properly appreciate the aircraft. A much better display of many of the aircraft found at Duxford can be seen at the RAF Museum at Hendon. And probably the best display of a Vulcan can be found at Solway, even though the aircraft is left outside to the elements. Here are links to my articles about those:

RAF Museum, Hendon

Vulcan XJ823, Solway

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I’ve Just Published 3 New Paperbacks…

Life in my day job is very demanding, but over the past week I have just found the physical & emotional energy needed to publish 3 paperbacks with Cold War / New Cold War themes:

“Cold War – How The Cold War Nuclear Arms Race Affected The World” collects together a series of non-fiction articles that I first released on this website.

Paperback copies can be ordered at close to cost price on Amazon UK at this link:
https://www.amazon.co.uk/COLD-WAR-Nuclear-Affected-World/dp/B0C1J3HLP2/

“Black Ops – 4 Secret Missions from the S.I.G. Archive” is a set of short stories based around the UK’s Special Investigations Group that features in my new Action-Thriller series.

S.I.G. are on the front line with…

* Underwater espionage in the Black Sea,

* Cross-border raids into the Ukraine Occupied Territory, and

* The daring extraction of a defecting Russian colonel, code-named Malachite, from under the noses of her FSB handlers.

Paperback copies at close to cost price can be ordered from Amazon on this link:
https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0C1HZYCKR

Set between 2070-2071, the five short stories in this collection explore a fictional road to war and a nuclear attack on the United Kingdom.

The United States and Russia remain ideologically opposed behind arsenals containing thousands of nuclear warheads. But now they also contend with the emergent strength of China as another Superpower, as well as considering the possible actions of smaller powers caught up in the struggle between them.

When tensions run high between the major powers, what would it be like to endure a thermonuclear attack?


It has been fun to finally pull these three books together and I am looking forward to getting my own hard copies from Amazon in a couple of days time. I hope you enjoy reading them as much as I have enjoyed writing them!

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